تبیین عوامل آینده‌ساز مؤثر بر حفظ و توسعۀ ظروف سفالین زرین‌فام کاشان (براساس مؤلفه‌های جیمز آلن دیتور)

Introduction
Iran is regarded as one of the most important cradles of pottery in the Islamic world. With the advent of Islam and a cultural shift from ostentation toward simplicity, certain functions of costly metal vessels were transferred to ceramics, including lustreware. Among the pottery-producing centers, the city of Kashan attained a distinguished position in the development of lustreware. Accordingly, the present study seeks to explain the factors influencing the preservation and development of Kashan lustreware through a futures-studies approach. Today, this art faces challenges such as the decline in master artisans, limitations in knowledge transmission, shifts in audience preferences, and competition with industrial products. Under such circumstances, futures studies can serve as an effective tool for analyzing the current situation. Dator’s approach, with its focus on the trends, events, images of the future, and actions, provides a framework for understanding possible futures. As an example, the works of Abbas Akbari, selected as an active artist in this technique in the city of Kashan, were examined to analyze the connection between tradition and innovation in the contemporary context.
Materials and Methods
This qualitative research is applied in terms of its purpose and was conducted using a descriptive–analytic method, with its data collected through documents and observations. The data analysis carried out through a futures‑studies approach. This approach was based on James Allen Dator’s components, which identified trends, events, images, and actions for the purpose of outlining future scenarios. Dator emphasizes the importance of studying the future and believes that people should be prepared to confront various possible futures. Given that the focus of this research was on the city of Kashan, among contemporary artists, the works of an artist active in the production and promotion of lustreware in Kashan were selected for study. This paper seeks to enhance preparedness for shaping desirable futures and aims through examining trends, events, and related images and actions so as to provide appropriate solutions by presenting compatible scenarios. This requires creative thinking and interdisciplinary collaboration so that effective strategies for preserving culture and identity can be offered.
Results and Findings
The components of Dator in this research include various factors, the most important of which in the trends and events section are as follows:

Cultural Factors
Religious and ideological influences
Symbolism and motifs
Intercultural influences
Social Factors
The emergence of the middle class
The reflection of social life
Economic Factors
Economic constraints
Trade and commerce
Recession and revival
Technological Factors


Lustreware technique
Use of nanoparticles
Innovation in materials

             In the actions and images section, which follows the previous two components, the scenarios derived from the analysis of factors influencing the preservation and development of Kashan lustreware were presented based on Dator’s components and the identified drivers.

a) Continued growth scenario: the growth scenario refers to a future in which existing trends continue without fundamental structural changes, and the system that reliesg on increased production, consumption, and expansion of activities, follows a path of quantitative development.
b) Collapse scenario: this scenario depicts a future in which Kashan lustreware will gradually disappear due to the lack of support, declining interest among younger generations, and the competition with industrial products, becoming limited to a museum‑based or obsolete art.
c) Transformation or discipline scenario: this scenario encompasses sustainability and standardization, technological innovation, specialized and global markets, institutional support, and international cooperation. In this future, Kashan lustreware is recognized as an authentic, rare, and simultaneously modern and global cultural–artistic product. This art, while preserving its historical roots, attains a stable and valuable position among both specialized and general audiences through innovation and intelligent presence in global markets. This scenario is more desirable than the previous two.

            Based on Allen Dator’s components, the works of Abbas Akbari illustrated the imitation of past works, innovation in design, and new applications. As mentioned in the text, Alan Caiger‑Smith and Greg Daly both had emphasized the balance between tradition and innovation in Akbari’s works. This balance transgotmed Akbari into a pioneer in the production and promotion of lustreware. In particular, the use of ta’liq script in a visual manner without emphasis on conceptual content demonstrated a modern approach to traditional art that can attract global audiences.
            Therefore, It can be noted that Kashan lustreware is highly dependent on maintaining a balance between preserving traditional authenticity and embracing modern innovations. The transformation scenario, with its focus on technology, global marketing, and international collaboration, can turn this art into a global brand, while the discipline scenario, with its emphasis on sustainability and specialized markets, prevents its extinction.
Conclusion
Lustreware is not only an artistic achievement but also a reflection of cultural, social, economic, and technological conditions in Iran. Based on the analyses conducted in this research, it was determined that four major cultural, economic, social, and technological factors are evident in Kashan pottery. The explanation of these four factors based on Dator’s components is presented according to the items shown in Table (1).
Table 1: Explanation of the factors of Dator on Kashan's Lustre Pottery




Cultural


Economic


Technological


Social


Dimension






Disinterest in silver and gold objects; increased interest in pottery with diverse and authentic Iranian forms and patterns


The expensiveness of gold and silver utensils and tendency to cheaper utensils, the growth of online markets; increasing demand for luxury products


Improved glazing methods; Using digital design


The entry of Chinese products and responding to European tastes; Excessive import of cheap, high-quality products; Reduced craftsmen; Enhanced participation of women and youth


Trend




Global registration of the Iranian Lustre Pottery technique with UNESCO; holding international exhibitions


Reducing export restrictions; holding local festivals; Providing bank’s loans


Creating a dedicated online platform; Using advanced kilns


Holding academic training courses; Reverse migration of youth


Event




Collaborating with museums; holding the Lustre Pottery festival


Forming cooperatives; branding using exquisite packaging; increasing national income


Establishing a glaze laboratory; Using 3D printing of molds


Educating the new generation; holding media campaigns; attracting tourists


Action




Re-promoting theLustre Pottery art as a symbol of Iranian identity


Private sector investment and branding of small workshops


Producing new utensils using nanotechnology, smart kilns with precise temperature control, and digital design of traditional motifs, using 3D scanning to reconstruct historical Lustre Pottery works


Creating Kashan’s pottery production technology park, continuing pottery production in small workshops


Vision





Based on this, some strategies for the development of Kashan lusterware pottery are presented in Table (2).
Table 2: Proposed actions for the development and preservation of Kashan lusterware




Descriptions


Example


Factors


Actions






Redesigning traditional motifs such as: Arabesque and Khatai (floral) with modern use


Producing creative utensils in Kashan’s workshops (such as Abbas Akbari's works)


Cultural: Maintaining identity
Social: Increasing society's tendency to identity-based products
Economic: Luxury goods market
Technological: Design software


Reviving original motifs and forms with a contemporary approach




Improving the quality of glazing and firing with modern kilns


Specialized research on Lustre Pottery glaze


Cultural: Maintaining authenticity
Social: Promoting public awareness of traditional arts
Economic: Reducing costs
Technological: Using advanced kilns


Developing technology for glaze production and firing kilns




Holding workshops and training courses for the new generation


Holding Lustre Pottery technique workshops in Kashan


Cultural: Cultural transmission
Social: Enhancing community participation in learning and revitalizing indigenous arts
Economic: Job creation
Technology: Digital education


Teaching and promoting pottery skills




Offering products on online platforms and in international exhibitions
 


Selling Lustre Pottery dishes as elegant corporate gifts


Cultural: Introducing the Iranian art
Social: Increasing public demand for authentic artistic products
Economic: Increasing exports
Technology: Online sales


Marketing and Branding




Designing applied utensils and dishes inspired by historical forms


Using hunting ground-decorated table services in traditional restaurants


Cultural: Adapting to modern needs
Social: Promoting the daily use of traditional art in lifestyle
Economic: Increasing sales
Technology: Molding


Manufacturing applied utensils with traditional forms




Reproducing historical utensils and dishes with the support of cultural institutions


Reconstructing and replicating Kashan’s Lustre Pottery utensils and dishes


Cultural: Enhancing public awareness
Social: Strengthening the sense of social belonging to cultural heritage
Economic: Attracting capital
Technology: 3D scanning


Collaborating with museums and cultural centers




 
The case study of this research, the lusterware works of Abbas Akbari, as one of the most prominent contemporary productions, demonstrates that this historical technique still possesses a high capacity for continuity, growth, and innovation. The creative re-creation of past motifs and forms, alongside the efforts of this artist and other practitioners active in this field to teach and introduce lusterware at the national and international levels, attests to the possibility of a dynamic and meaningful promotion of this art. The identified factors—strengthening educational infrastructures, utilizing modern technologies, developing digital marketing, and institutional support—can outline a sustainable path for the future of Kashan lusterware. Although the future is always accompanied by uncertainty, by reliance on historical experiences, the analysis of current trends enables the provision of effective strategies for safeguarding and developing the rich Iranian cultural heritage.